Accordingly, the author concludes that this shamanism problem in Chinese archaeology actually stems from a mixture of the Chinese historiographical tradition and Western anthropological theories, which together make Chang’s writing develop a meta-narrative that leads directly to two characteristics: generalization and polymorphism. It also discusses “substratum theory,” the way in which it influenced Chang’s understanding of shamanic civilization, and the manner in which Western anthropological theory was incorporated into Chang’s historiographical model. This article discusses the problems associated with using textual materials for interpretations of archaeological finds. The second is that, in order to explore the dynamics of the formation of Chinese civilization, he employs Western theories in his construction of the history of shamanism. The first is that Chang follows a tradition in Chinese academic historiography of using late historical texts to interpret Neolithic and Bronze Age materials. Entoptic phenomena can appear in diverse forms including animals, people. Stone and Bronze Age rock art to anthropomorphic aspects of ceramic pots and. Enigmatic images interpreted as cult scenes depicted in the miniature art of. By examining the structures that constitute Chang’s shamanic framework, this article argues that the problem centers around two major issues. origins and the background of the paintings, that is, what animals the. These images, and those caused by physical pressure on the retina, are generally called entoptic phenomena and are composed of phosphenes (visual effects. Images such as these are often observed in altered states brought on by the use of entheogens, trance states induced by meditation, fasting, drumming, and so forth, and by imbalanced brain states in individuals suffering from mental diseases such as schizophrenia (Lewis-Williams & Dowson 1988). They appear as irregular colourless spots or ellipses, which look like 'ghost cells', often observed by an individual when staring at a bright background.
Chang in the 1980s has long been one of the central problems in the study of Chinese archaeology. Floaters Perhaps the most commonly observed entoptic phenomenon is floaters, otherwise known as 'muscae volitantes' or 'flying gnats'. The hypothesis of ancient Chinese shamanism popularized by K.
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